A charge nurse is managing multiple critical situations during a night shift when a mass casualty incident occurs. Which action should the charge nurse prioritize first?
1Immediately call additional nursing staff from other units to assist with patient care
2Activate the hospital's disaster response protocol and establish incident command structure✓ 정답
3Begin triaging incoming patients to determine treatment priorities
4Reassign current nursing staff to accommodate the influx of trauma patients
해설
During a mass casualty incident, first activate the disaster response protocol to establish command structure and coordination. Other actions (calling staff, triaging, reassigning) are important but should follow protocol activation for systematic management.
Core Nursing ExplanationKey Concept Analysis: This question tests the priority action in disaster management, specifically during a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI). The core principle is that effective disaster response requires a coordinated, system-wide approach before individual clinical actions can be safely and efficiently executed. The foundational step is to activate the established organizational framework.
Answer Rationale: Key Point! The charge nurse's first priority is to Activate the hospital's disaster response protocol and establish incident command structure. This is the cornerstone of the Incident Command System (ICS), a standardized management system designed for emergency response. Activation triggers a cascade of pre-planned actions: notifies key personnel, mobilizes resources, establishes clear lines of authority and communication, and sets up the command center. Without this structure, calling staff, triaging, or reassigning duties can lead to chaos, duplication of efforts, and compromised patient safety. This action ensures a unified, organized response.
Distractor Analysis:
Watch out for confusion! Option ① (Calling additional staff) is a critical action but is not the *first* priority. Staff should be called through the established protocol (e.g., via a call-down list managed by the command center) to avoid confusion and ensure the right personnel are summoned.
Option ③ (Begin triaging) is a vital clinical priority that will occur immediately after or concurrent with protocol activation. However, triage is most effective when done within the organized framework, with clear patient flow pathways established by the incident command.
Option ④ (Reassigning current staff) is an important operational step, but it should be directed by the nursing supervisor or incident commander within the established command structure to best utilize all available resources across the hospital.
Related Concepts: This scenario integrates principles of emergency preparedness, leadership, and resource management. The nurse must shift from individual patient care to a systems-level perspective. Understanding the START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) triage system (used in MCIs) and the roles within the ICS (Incident Commander, Operations, Planning, Logistics, Finance/Administration) is also crucial.
Concept Summary
Concept
Description
Nursing Role
Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)
An event that overwhelms local healthcare resources, requiring a shift from standard care to doing the greatest good for the greatest number.
Follow disaster protocol, perform assigned role within ICS.
Understand hospital's ICS plan. Report to assigned supervisor.
Disaster Triage (e.g., START)
Rapid sorting of patients based on severity and likelihood of survival. Uses color tags: Red (Immediate), Yellow (Delayed), Green (Minimal), Black (Deceased/Expectant).
May be assigned to perform triage at designated area.
Hospital Emergency Operations Plan (HEOP)
The hospital's written plan for responding to disasters. Activation is the first official step.
Know the plan, activation procedures, and your responsibilities.
Side-by-Side Comparison!
Scenario
First Nursing Priority
Rationale
Mass Casualty Incident (External disaster)
Activate disaster protocol / ICS
Establishes command, coordination, and resource mobilization for a system-wide response.
Single Patient Code Blue
Assess responsiveness, call for help / activate code team
Immediate life-saving intervention for one individual is the priority.
Internal Hospital Emergency (e.g., fire)
RACE: Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish/Evacuate
Immediate action to remove patients from danger and alert others is paramount.
Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology Points
While this is a management question, physiological principles underpin triage decisions. In an MCI, resources are allocated based on physiological stability. Triage categories assess:
- Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABCs): The foundation of all triage.
- Perfusion Status: Capillary refill >2 seconds indicates shock (potential Red tag).
- Neurological Status: Ability to follow commands (in START triage) determines immediate vs. delayed care.
Memory TipsMnemonic: "A.C.T. First in Disaster" Activate the plan (Protocol/ICS).
Command structure established.
Then Triage and Treat.
Think: "You can't run the race until you've set up the track and have a referee." The protocol/ICS sets up the "track" for an organized response.
High-Frequency NCLEX Topics
Disaster nursing and prioritization are High Yield topics. The NCLEX-RN often tests:
1. First Action / Priority: As in this question—knowing the sequence.
2. Triage Principles: Knowing the colors and criteria of disaster triage (START/JumpSTART for pediatrics).
3. Nurse's Role: Understanding that the nurse's role may change (e.g., from a med-surg nurse to a triage nurse) based on the disaster plan.
Watch Out for Question Variations!
The same concept can be tested differently:
- "Which patient should be triaged as RED (Immediate)?" Tests application of START criteria (e.g., apneic but breathing after airway repositioning, uncontrolled hemorrhage).
- "The charge nurse has activated the disaster plan. What is the next priority?" Answer might be: "Establish a triage area at the emergency department entrance."
- "A nurse is the first to encounter victims from a bus crash. What is the nurse's first action?" In a pre-hospital setting, the answer shifts to "Ensure personal safety and the safety of the scene" before beginning triage.
Nursing Clinical Practice GuideClinical Scenario: You are the night shift charge nurse on a medical-surgical unit. You receive a call from the hospital operator: "Code Triage is activated. A multi-vehicle collision on the highway is sending an estimated 15-20 casualties to our facility. ETA 10 minutes."
Nursing Intervention Strategy:
1Immediate Action (What you do first)Announce "Code Triage" on the unit intercom. Immediately call the House Supervisor or dial the designated emergency number to formally activate the Hospital Emergency Operations Plan (HEOP). This is not just informing—it's triggering the official response.
2Within the Incident Command StructureYou will now receive instructions. You may be directed to:
- Send certain staff to the Emergency Department (ED) to assist.
- Prepare to receive stable patients transferred from the ED to your unit to clear beds.
- Assume a specific role (e.g., unit staging manager).
3Unit ManagementQuickly brief your staff. Assign one nurse to manage current patients while others prepare for new admissions or transfer. Ensure crash carts and oxygen supplies are checked.
Patient Safety and Precautions:
1Communication is KeyUse only designated communication channels (e.g., disaster radios) to avoid overloading phone lines. Document all actions and patient movements meticulously—normal documentation standards are modified but not abandoned.
2Resource AllocationYou may need to implement Contingency or Crisis standards of care. This means equipment like ventilators may be allocated based on triage priority, not simply "first-come, first-served."
3Staff Safety & Support- Ensure staff use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) if unknown hazards are present.
- Recognize that this is a high-stress event. Provide brief, clear instructions. Debriefing after the incident is crucial for psychological support.
Nursing Procedure & Medication Flow
In an MCI, medication administration follows disaster protocols:
1Medication AccessA disaster medication cache will be opened. Nurses may be authorized to obtain certain emergency drugs (e.g., analgesics, tetanus toxoid, antibiotics) using streamlined, disaster-specific procedures.
2DocumentationUse disaster tags or armbands for patient identification. Medication administration may be documented on a triage tag or a simplified flow sheet rather than the full electronic medical record.
3IV Fluids & BloodResources are limited. IV fluids and blood products will be allocated to Red (Immediate) and Yellow (Delayed) category patients first. Nurses must be adept at setting up IVs quickly and monitoring for complications under less-than-ideal conditions.
A Word from Your Senior Nurse
"Disaster nursing feels overwhelming, but that's why we drill and have plans. Your first job isn't to be the hero running in every direction—it's to be the calm professional who flips the right switch to get the whole machine running. In a real MCI, that moment of taking a breath and activating the plan feels counterintuitive when you want to 'do something,' but it is the single most important action you can take. It transforms chaos into organized effort. On the NCLEX, they are testing your judgment to see if you understand that the system must be activated before the individual tasks. Carry that mindset to the bedside: be the nurse who knows the plan and can lead when seconds count."
Mass Casualty Incident — An event that generates more patients than available local resources can manage using routine procedures, requiring a shift to disaster triage and care protocols.
Incident Command System — A standardized, on-scene, all-hazards incident management system that provides a common organizational structure for coordinating emergency response.
START Triage — Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment; a rapid triage method used in MCIs that categorizes patients as Immediate (Red), Delayed (Yellow), Minimal (Green), or Deceased/Expectant (Black) based on respirations, perfusion, and mental status.
Hospital Emergency Operations Plan — A hospital's comprehensive written plan for responding to emergencies and disasters, detailing roles, responsibilities, and procedures for activation and response.
Triage — The process of sorting patients based on the severity of their condition and the resources available to determine the order and priority of treatment.