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학습 자료 둘러보기 →The key driver of withdrawal is a rebound norepinephrine surge in the locus coeruleus when opioids are stopped. This creates a hyperadrenergic state.
Use the COWS tool to objectively score severity. Look for mydriasis (dilated pupils) and a resting pulse rate above the patient's baseline, often over 100 bpm.
Do not mistake withdrawal for intoxication. Intoxication presents with central nervous system depression: miosis (pinpoint pupils), bradypnea, and sedation.
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