A 32-year-old woman at 32 weeks gestation presents to the prenatal clinic for a routine visit. Which assessment finding would be most concerning and require immediate further evaluation?
1Mild ankle edema that resolves with elevation
2Blood pressure reading of 158/102 mmHg with 2+ proteinuria✓ 정답
3Braxton Hicks contractions occurring every 20-30 minutes
4Fetal heart rate of 150 beats per minute with good variability
해설
BP 158/102 mmHg with 2+ proteinuria indicates severe preeclampsia, requiring immediate evaluation due to risks like eclampsia or HELLP syndrome. Other findings (mild edema, Braxton Hicks, normal FHR) are expected in third trimester.
The patient is a 32-year-old woman at 32 weeks gestation presenting for a routine prenatal visit. The most concerning finding requiring immediate further evaluation is a blood pressure reading of 158/102 mmHg with 2+ proteinuria.
Pathophysiology and Clinical Significance
This blood pressure reading exceeds the threshold for severe hypertension in pregnancy (systolic ≥160 mmHg or diastolic ≥110 mmHg), and when combined with significant proteinuria, it meets the diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia with severe features. Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder characterized by widespread endothelial dysfunction, vasospasm, and reduced organ perfusion. The underlying pathophysiology involves abnormal placentation early in gestation, which leads to the release of anti-angiogenic factors into the maternal circulation, causing systemic vascular injury . This vascular damage manifests clinically as hypertension and proteinuria, the latter indicating glomerular endotheliosis—a hallmark renal lesion where the glomerular capillary lumens are swollen and occluded.
Why This Requires Immediate Evaluation
Preeclampsia is a major contributor to maternal and fetal illness and death globally [2]. The presence of severe-range blood pressure at 32 weeks gestation signals a high risk for rapid progression to life-threatening complications, including eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets), placental abruption, pulmonary edema, and acute renal failure. From a fetal perspective, uteroplacental insufficiency can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, oligohydramnios, and non-reassuring fetal status. A study on third-trimester preeclampsia management confirms that prompt recognition and timely intervention are critical to optimizing perinatal outcomes [4]. Immediate evaluation should include serial blood pressure monitoring, laboratory assessment (complete blood count, liver enzymes, serum creatinine, and uric acid), and fetal well-being surveillance with a non-stress test or biophysical profile.
Analysis of Other Options
Option 1: Mild ankle edema that resolves with elevation. Dependent edema is a common and expected finding in the third trimester due to increased venous pressure from the gravid uterus and hormonal changes promoting fluid retention. Edema that resolves with leg elevation is physiological and does not indicate pathology unless it is sudden, severe, or accompanied by hypertension and proteinuria.
Option 3: Braxton Hicks contractions occurring every 20-30 minutes. These are irregular, usually painless uterine contractions that represent normal uterine activity in preparation for labor. They do not cause cervical change and are not a concern unless they become regular, increase in frequency, or are associated with preterm labor symptoms in a patient with risk factors.
Option 4: Fetal heart rate of 150 beats per minute with good variability. A baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 bpm with moderate variability is a reassuring sign of fetal well-being and an adequately oxygenated fetal central nervous system. This finding requires no further intervention.
Clinical Reasoning and Test-Taking Strategy
In NCLEX-RN prioritization questions, the nurse must identify the finding that poses the greatest immediate threat to maternal and fetal safety. Preeclampsia with severe features is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that demands urgent intervention because of its potential for rapid clinical deterioration . The combination of severe hypertension and proteinuria represents a clear departure from normal physiological adaptations of pregnancy and signals a systemic disease process that can progress to multi-organ failure. When analyzing answer choices, the nurse should systematically rule out expected or benign findings (options 1, 3, and 4) and recognize that the abnormal vital sign paired with a pathological laboratory marker (option 2) constitutes the highest priority. The meta-analytic evidence underscores that early identification and management of pregnancy-induced hypertension are essential to reducing adverse outcomes, reinforcing that this assessment finding cannot be deferred or managed on an outpatient basis without comprehensive evaluation [2].
References (research sources)
[2]
Awareness and associated factors of pregnancy-induced hypertension among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewNigate GK, Ferede YA, Yirdaw BW, Tassew WC. (2026) · DOI: 10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100601
[4]
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Perinatal Outcomes of Third-Trimester Preeclampsia at a Tertiary Hospital in Vietnam: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.Research articleNguyen KT, Bui TTT, To NTH, Phan QN, Dang NB, Le CTK, Tran NH. (2026) · DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s619528
Clinical Practice Guide: Preeclampsia with Severe Features at 32 Weeks
Immediate Actions
Confirm blood pressure reading in the opposite arm after 15 minutes of rest in a quiet room, using an appropriately sized cuff.
Send stat labs: complete blood count with platelets, liver enzymes (AST/ALT), serum creatinine, and spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio or 24-hour urine collection.
Assess for symptoms of severe features: severe headache unresponsive to acetaminophen, visual disturbances, right upper quadrant or epigastric pain, nausea/vomiting, or altered mental status.
Initiate continuous fetal monitoring and assess for signs of placental abruption (vaginal bleeding, uterine hypertonus, abdominal pain).
Pharmacologic Management
Administer an acute antihypertensive agent for sustained systolic BP ≥160 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg, aiming for a target of 135/85 mmHg to prevent maternal stroke while maintaining uteroplacental perfusion. Common first-line agents include intravenous labetalol or hydralazine, or oral nifedipine.
Administer magnesium sulfate intravenously for seizure prophylaxis: a loading dose of 4-6 g over 20-30 minutes, followed by a maintenance infusion of 1-2 g/hour. Monitor deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate, and urine output hourly to detect toxicity.
Administer antenatal corticosteroids (betamethasone 12 mg IM every 24 hours for two doses) to accelerate fetal lung maturity if delivery is anticipated within 7 days and gestational age is less than 34 weeks.
Disposition and Monitoring
Admit to the labor and delivery unit for close maternal-fetal surveillance. Expectant management beyond 34 weeks is generally not recommended; at 32 weeks, delivery timing is individualized based on maternal and fetal status.
Indications for urgent delivery regardless of gestational age include uncontrolled severe hypertension, worsening renal or hepatic function, pulmonary edema, eclampsia, placental abruption, or non-reassuring fetal status.
Monitor vital signs and deep tendon reflexes hourly, strict intake and output, daily weights, and repeat labs every 6-12 hours to detect progression to HELLP syndrome or end-organ damage.
Consult maternal-fetal medicine and neonatology to coordinate delivery planning and neonatal resuscitation.
Preeclampsia with Severe Features — A hypertensive disorder of pregnancy defined by systolic BP ≥160 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg on two occasions and proteinuria, indicating systemic endothelial dysfunction and risk of organ injury.
Proteinuria — Excess protein in the urine, often quantified by dipstick (2+ or greater) or 24-hour collection (≥300 mg), reflecting glomerular endotheliosis from preeclampsia.
Glomerular Endotheliosis — A characteristic renal lesion in preeclampsia where swollen glomerular capillary endothelial cells narrow the lumen, causing protein leakage and reduced filtration.
HELLP Syndrome — A severe complication of preeclampsia marked by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets, requiring urgent delivery regardless of gestational age.
Eclampsia — The onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a woman with preeclampsia, representing a life-threatening neurological emergency.