A nurse is working in a hospital when a fire alarm sounds. The nurse observes smoke coming from a patient room down the hall. What should be the nurse's first priority action?
1Activate the fire alarm system and call the fire department
2Begin evacuating all patients from the affected area immediately
3Remove patients from immediate danger in the room with smoke✓ 정답
4Obtain fire extinguishers and attempt to suppress the fire
해설
In fire emergencies, the RACE protocol prioritizes Rescue first. The nurse's immediate action is to remove patients from the room with smoke to prevent smoke inhalation and injury. Other actions like alarm activation or fire suppression should follow after ensuring patient safety.
Understanding the Priority: The R.A.C.E. Framework
In a hospital fire emergency, the nurse's immediate actions are guided by the established R.A.C.E. protocol: Rescue, Alarm, Contain, and Extinguish/Evacuate. This sequence is hierarchical, meaning the first step always takes priority. The question presents a scenario where smoke is visibly coming from a specific patient room. According to the R.A.C.E. framework, the "R" for Rescue is the first and most critical step. This mandates removing anyone from the immediate danger zone. Therefore, the priority action is to rescue the patients who are in the room where the smoke is originating, as they are at the highest risk of harm from smoke inhalation and direct fire exposure .
Why Not the Other Options?
The other actions are all important components of a fire response, but they are performed after or concurrently by others once the immediate rescue is initiated. Activating the alarm system and calling the fire department (Option 1) is the second step, "A" for Alarm. While essential, it is not the very first action if you are directly observing a life-threatening situation. Beginning a full-scale evacuation of the entire affected area (Option 2) is a later step that follows rescue and alarm; horizontal evacuation away from the fire's source is prioritized over immediate vertical or total evacuation. Attempting to fight the fire with an extinguisher (Option 4) is the final "E" for Extinguish and is only appropriate after rescue, alarm, and containment, and only if the fire is small and contained, and the nurse has a safe exit path. The immediate threat to life in the smoke-filled room takes absolute precedence.
Clinical and Safety Rationale
The rationale for prioritizing rescue is grounded in the pathophysiology of fire-related injuries. The presence of smoke indicates the production of toxic gases and a decrease in available oxygen. In a structure fire, the available safe egress time (ASET) is the critical window between fire ignition and the point when conditions become untenable for human life [2]. This time is rapidly consumed by rising temperatures, carbon monoxide, and other asphyxiants. A patient in a room with active smoke production has a drastically reduced ASET. The nurse's first action must be to physically remove the patient from that environment to prevent inhalation injury and asphyxiation. Simulation-based research on hospital evacuations confirms that the initial actions of staff directly at the scene are pivotal for patient survival, and that competencies in immediate rescue and movement of patients from the point of danger are the foundational skills tested and reinforced in disaster preparedness training . The correct sequence is to first move the patient away from the smoke, then pull the fire alarm, which initiates the facility-wide response and containment procedures.
References (research sources)
[2]
Development of an artificial neural network-based egress model incorporating the egress safety ratio under fire in postpartum care center buildings.Research articleDarkhanbat K, Erdenebaatar A, Heo I, Choi SH, Jeong H, Kim KS. (2026) · DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-46060-5
Clinical Practice Guide: Fire Emergency Response (R.A.C.E.)
In the event of a fire, the nurse's actions must follow the R.A.C.E. protocol in strict sequence to ensure patient and staff safety. The priority is always the immediate rescue of individuals from the point of greatest danger.
R - Rescue
Remove patients and staff from the room or area where the fire or smoke is present. Close the door behind you to contain the fire. This is the first and most critical action.
A - Alarm
Activate the nearest fire alarm pull station and call the fire department (or hospital emergency number) to report the exact location and nature of the fire.
C - Contain
Close all doors and windows in the area to limit the spread of smoke and fire. Shut off oxygen and other medical gas valves if safe to do so.
E - Extinguish/Evacuate
Only attempt to extinguish a small, contained fire using a portable extinguisher if you are trained and it is safe. Otherwise, proceed with horizontal evacuation of patients away from the fire zone, following hospital policy.
Key Safety Reminders
Never use elevators during a fire alarm; use stairwells for vertical evacuation only if directed.
Know the location of fire alarms, extinguishers, and emergency exits in your unit.
Reassure patients and keep them calm throughout the evacuation process.
R.A.C.E. Protocol — A hospital fire response acronym: Rescue patients in immediate danger, Alarm by activating the fire alarm, Contain the fire by closing doors/windows, Extinguish or Evacuate as needed.
Horizontal Evacuation — Moving patients laterally from a fire zone to a safe area on the same floor, prioritized over vertical evacuation to avoid elevators and stairwell hazards.