A nurse is preparing to administer medications to multiple patients. Which action demonstrates the highest priority safety measure in medication administration?
1Verify the patient's identity using two patient identifiers before administering any medication✓ 정답
2Check the medication administration record (MAR) against the physician's orders
3Ensure proper hand hygiene before entering each patient's room
4Document medication administration immediately after giving each medication
해설
Patient identification using two identifiers is the highest priority safety measure as it directly prevents wrong-patient errors, which can cause serious harm or death. Other actions like MAR checks, hand hygiene, and documentation are important but do not address this fundamental risk.
Understanding the Priority: The Rights of Medication Administration
When a nurse prepares to administer medications to multiple patients, the primary goal is to prevent errors that could lead to patient harm. While all the listed actions are essential components of safe practice, they are not equally critical at every step. The "Rights of Medication Administration" provide a framework for prioritizing safety. The foundational step, before any other check can be meaningful, is ensuring the medication is given to the correct patient. Administering a drug without verifying identity risks giving a medication intended for one person to another, which can result in severe adverse events. This makes patient identification the highest priority safety measure.
Why Patient Identification is the First and Most Critical Step
The correct action is to verify the patient's identity using two patient identifiers before administering any medication. This is not merely a routine task but a critical safety barrier. A multisite study on deliberate practice found that nursing students are often noncompliant with foundational patient safety procedures like patient identification during medication administration [1]. This noncompliance creates a direct path to error. If the patient is not correctly identified, all subsequent checks—such as verifying the right drug, dose, or time—become irrelevant because they are being applied to the wrong person. The systematic review on simulation-based training reinforces that developing error-recognition skills is fundamental to patient safety, and correct patient identification is the primary skill that prevents the most basic yet catastrophic type of medication error .
Analyzing the Other Options in the Clinical Workflow
The other options represent steps that occur before or after the critical point of patient contact, but they do not carry the same immediate risk of direct patient harm if momentarily delayed or performed in a different sequence.
Checking the MAR against the physician's orders is a vital step for verifying the right medication, dose, route, and time. However, this is typically performed during medication preparation, before entering the patient's room. A hybrid simulation study on pharmacology education highlights that safe medication administration requires integrating technical skills, but the act of physical verification of the record is a preparatory step . If a nurse prepares medications for multiple patients and enters a room without first confirming the patient's identity, the risk of administering the correctly prepared but wrong patient's medications is immediate and high.
Ensuring proper hand hygiene is a cornerstone of infection control and should be performed before and after every patient contact. The study on deliberate practice specifically examined hand hygiene compliance alongside patient identification, indicating both are foundational [1]. However, from a medication safety standpoint, a momentary lapse in hand hygiene, while posing an infection risk, does not carry the same immediate and potentially lethal consequence as administering a potent medication like insulin or an opioid to the wrong patient. The priority is first to prevent the direct medication error.
Documenting medication administration immediately is crucial for maintaining an accurate record and preventing double-dosing. A scoping review on AI tools for medication safety acknowledges that systemic failures and workload pressures contribute to errors, and documentation is a key part of the safety net . Nevertheless, documentation is the final step in the administration process. It confirms what has already been done. The highest priority action must be the one that prevents the error from occurring in the first place, which is identifying the patient at the bedside before the medication is given.
The sequence of safe medication administration places patient identification at the point of care as the non-negotiable first step. This is the last chance to catch a preparation error and the only action that directly ensures the right patient receives the right medication. The evidence from simulation-based education consistently groups patient identification as a primary, non-negotiable safety competency that must be mastered to prevent critical incidents [1].
References (research sources)
[1]
Deliberate Practice of Hand Hygiene and Patient Identification During Simulated Medication Administration: A Multisite Study.Research articleSchroers G, Schroers G, Pfieffer J, Vanderzwan K, Klenke-Borgmann L, Kilroy S, Tell D, O'Rourke J. (2026) · DOI: 10.1097/nne.0000000000002158
The Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal requires using at least two patient identifiers whenever administering medications, blood products, or collecting specimens. Acceptable identifiers include the patient's full name, date of birth, or medical record number. The patient's room number or physical location is never an acceptable identifier.
Procedure
Ask the patient to state their full name and date of birth whenever possible, rather than asking "Are you Mr. Smith?" which invites confirmation bias.
Compare the patient's verbal response against the identification band and the medication administration record (MAR).
For patients who cannot verbalize, such as those who are confused, sedated, or have a language barrier, use the identification band and verify with a family member or another nurse per facility policy.
Scan the barcode on the patient's wristband and the medication package if barcode medication administration (BCMA) technology is available, but never rely solely on technology without visual verification.
Common Pitfalls
Workarounds such as pre-printing patient labels or scanning a wristband not attached to the patient undermine the safety system.
Interruptions during the identification process increase the risk of error; complete this step without multitasking.
Patients with identical or similar names require heightened vigilance and additional verification measures.
Two Patient Identifiers — Two independent pieces of information used to accurately identify a patient before administering medication, blood transfusions, or procedures (e.g., name and date of birth, name and medical record number). Room numbers are not used.
Medication Administration Record — An official document, prepared according to a doctor's prescription, that records the details of all medications to be administered to a patient (drug name, dosage, route, time, special instructions).
Five Rights of Medication Administration — Five basic principles for medication safety: Right Patient, Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Route, Right Time.
National Patient Safety Goals — The U.S. Joint Commission's annual patient safety goals that healthcare organizations must comply with. Patient identification (NPSG.01.01.01) is a core goal that is always included.
Medication Error — A preventable event that may occur during the prescribing, administering, taking, or monitoring of medication, which could cause or has the potential to cause harm to the patient. Incorrect patient identification is one of the main causes.