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학습 자료 둘러보기 →The hallmark of third-degree frostbite is tissue that feels hard, appears white and waxy, and has absent sensation. This reflects full-thickness necrosis from ice crystal formation and microvascular occlusion.
Differentiate from first-degree frostnip (red, warm, swollen) and second-degree frostbite (clear blisters, erythema, intact sensation). Normal capillary refill (<2 seconds) rules out deep injury.
Do not rub or massage frozen tissue; this worsens cellular damage. Rewarming should only begin once the risk of refreezing is eliminated.
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